Thursday, June 12, 2014

The Lunar and Planetary Institute



This is the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI).  They are a part of the Universities Space Research Association (USRA), providing support services to NASA.

You can learn a lot about the organization at their website: http://www.lpi.usra.edu

I also highly recommend following them on Facebook, as they are constantly posting interesting astronomical events, as well as the latest photos and research updates from across the planetary science community.

Half of the interns are stationed here, and half of are at the Johnson Space Centre (JSC).  I am one of the LPI interns, and I think our building is significantly prettier.

Main lobby at the visitor's entrance

The walls are all decorated with all kinds of maps and lunar/planetary images.  It is really beautiful and facinating.

Pretty stairway near visitor's entrance

Maps of creators on Mars

Moon maps along hallway

Research posters along hallway

Entrance to Lecture Hall (Why is Venus smaller than the other planets? Injustice!)

Typical scientist lounge - A plethora of comfy couches, academic posters, and a white board

My work space is the library, a concept which I consider to be academic heaven.  The library itself happens to be one of the most beautiful parts of the Institute.

Entrance to library

This display changes on a weekly basis - This week its for us!


I don't even know why this telescope is here, but it's awesome!  There are smaller telescopes which are available for borrowing

The books on these shelves are all educational materials for grade school programs

This section contains general science textbooks, while the rest of the library is devoted to space and geoscience related topics.  There is also a very extensive collection of lunar and planetary maps.

Some of the shelves are decorated with Lego and other models

The librarian said that everyone at LPI placed at least one piece on this Lego Curiosity, making it a collaborative team project.  I think that is pretty neat, and fits with the spirit of the success of the Curiosity mission.

My first day of work involved learning as much as I can about Venus' topology.  I pulled up a detailed map and a model of Venus for visual reference as I read the book.  Sitting across from me is my colleague, Molly.
Shelves of models beside our desks
Unfortunately, you can't get a good picture of the deer outside due to the reflectance of the windows, but they get very close!
I love that my desk is right beside a window; I've seen quite a lot of wildlife so far.  In fact, I'm actually really, really amazed by all the wildlife I've seen.  On a few days, we saw pairs of does grazing, and lying down just outside our windows.  On one day, a herd of six bucks with their antlers coming in walked past. We've also seen turkey vultures, egrets, red cardinals, scores of dragon flies and large yellow butterflies. The librarian says that in the summer, we'll start seeing bunnies too.  

I can't believe how lucky I am to be able to work in such an amazing place. I genuinely look forward to going into work every morning.  I also have a fantastic advisor, Dr. Allan Treiman, who is an absolute pleasure to work with.  I will write more about our project in a later post.

Thank you to everyone who helped me get here!

Thursday, June 5, 2014

Johnson Space Center Tour

This is exciting.

I mean really exciting.

It's the JOHNSON SPACE CENTER!

ERMAGERD! JERHRNSERN SPERCE CERNTER!

*Ahem*

So, a lovely lady from the Universities Space Research Association drove me and a few others to the center for our tour.  Since we didn't have our badges yet, we needed her to get us on to the site and help us through the badge process.  Timothy (a gent from Leeds!  Remember that place?) and I were given special badges as "Foreign Nationals", indicating that we require an escort with us at all times on the premises, lest I be arrested for being Canadian.   This was the third time that my fingerprints have been taken over the course of this trip.  I'm not sure why this was necessary, given that on my extremely long visa application I clearly indicated that I'm not a spy. ("Are you coming to the United States for the purposes of espionage Y/N?"  along with other classics such as, "Are you involved with human trafficking Y/N?" and "Have you ever funded terrorist activities Y/N?")

I'm glamorous
After going through the security clearances, we were able to get back in the vehicle and drive to the building of our tour.  The NASA grounds are highly expansive- you pretty much need a vehicle to drive between buildings.

We waited in the lobby for our guides to arrive.  One of the USRA ladies took pictures of us posing next to a life-sized signed cutout of Buzz Aldrin on the moon. (I will post this as soon as I can.)

Our tour consisted of two parts:  The Lunar Tour and the Stardust Lab.

The Lunar Tour was first.  We learned that samples from space are often kept in pristine condition by reducing the amount of potential interaction with other substances.  We were required to dress up in bunny suits to keep dust and air born particles at a minimum in the facility.  We even waited in a small chamber for the air to purify before being admitted to the Lunar room.  The curator lady informed us that we were in a "Class 1000" room, meaning that there were <1000 particles per cubic meter of air.  For scale, average air is on the order of ~1,000,000 particles per cubic meter.

And we saw moon rocks!  Rocks!  From the moon!  The moon!



Among specimens, we saw a volcanic breccia, vesicular basalts and rocks that had been partially flash melted from meteor impact. The left rock on the upper photo shows some interesting impact pits.  Our guide informed us that these features can be used as "proof" that the rocks did indeed come from the moon, because they are not found anywhere on Earth, and have not been able to be replicated in a lab.

We also saw the Genesis Rock, which is dated at 4.2 billion years old, making it older than oldest known crustal rock on earth, the Acasta Gneiss, at 4.02 billion.   In Historical Geology class in 2011, I held a piece of the Acasta Gneiss and thought to myself, "This is the oldest rock I will ever see,".  There is something very special about being proven wrong, and experiencing things that continuously push the limits of what I thought possible.

The Stardust lab is where the analysis of space particles takes place.  We weren't able to go into this lab, (which is Class 10!) but we were able to look in through a window, and see some samples of the aerogel used to capture the particles.  I remember images of the aerogel was going around Facebook awhile back, so I was thrilled to see it in person.


Arrival in Houston

Hello!  I'm not dead.  In fact, I have arrived safely in Houston, Texas!

Upon debarking the plane, I turned left and did a little dance to see a NASA gift shop right there.  The first thing I see at my new destination.  I took this as a good omen.

I did not plan my arrive too well.  I saw a Camden food Co, thought, "Oh wow!  I should eat something!  No wait!  I should get my luggage first!"  Upon receiving my luggage, I thought, "I should get a taxi straight away!"  Only to arrive at my residence with no food and no grocery store within walking distance.  Clever girl.

I was actually quite impressed during the taxi ride, despite traversing the outskirts of Houston suburbs instead of through the downtown core.  I had never seen an interstate highway before, so the 12 lane monstrosity that we cruised down broke my mind.  The interstate intersections(?) were aerial labyrinths of overhead passe spiraling and cutting across one another.  It honestly looked like something from a science-fiction film from my perspective.  I found it amusing how the Shell and McDonald's signs were at least 40 feet up in order to be seen from the highway.

Upon arrival, the taxi driver courteously lent me his phone to call the building manager, given that I had arriven after hours.  I promptly filled out some forms and was handed my keys.  All good.  My apartment was an empty mess.  Less good.   I resolved to do a sweep, and buy a shower curtain and toilet paper as soon as possible.

My fantastically generous roommate, Allie, was away the evening of my arrival, but she left a note on the counter saying that I could make myself a cheese sandwich if I needed.  I gratefully did just that.

I used my free time that evening to tour the gated apartment grounds.  I'm delighted to report that our accommodations have an outdoors pool, hot tub, volleyball court, picnic tables and BBQ.  I suspect we'll have a pool party in the near future (perhaps for my birthday?).  The common room is also equipped with a t.v. and a piano.  Perhaps I'll make use of my evenings and learn to play, or at least finally be able to work through, "Un Comptine d'un autre été" completely- a task I had abandoned since the piano in Boddington Hall back in England.

It's time for a new adventure.

Thursday, February 7, 2013

Nottingham

Here I am, again.  There came a point when I realized I was so busy blogging, that I needed to take some time to actually LIVE out the present experiences.  Then, of course, I became so far behind with keeping this updated, that I pretty much gave up.  Given that I'm safely home in Vancouver again, it almost seems silly to write about my travel experiences in hindsight, as, anyone who is interested can just ring me up and ask about them.  Nonetheless, I think I shall continue blogging, at the very least, as a personal journal, so I don't forget my experiences abroad.

Nottingham.

I've heard many things about this place, and felt obligated to visit here, both from the legends of Robin Hood, and because I needed to know if my pent-up regrets for not going on exchange here, instead of Leeds, were justified.

They weren't.  I was entirely underwhelmed.

Don't get me wrong, I saw some very lovely sights here, in fact, some of my prettiest pictures were taken along the canal.  The castle caves were pretty cool, too.  The city itself, however, I didn't feel was anything special.  Though, of course, I may have experienced what I now dub, "The Matthew Tour," which is where you visit a city, and completely miss all the visitable areas of it, as with Matthew's trip to Glasgow.  Now, I'm not necessarily defending Glasgow, (which reminds me, I forgot to blog about my trip there with Dad and Uncle Paul!), but Matthew completely missed the city center, and spent a couple days wandering around vacant suburbs.  Whoops.

On route to Nottingham, I had a brief layover in a town called Chesterfield.  I had a little laugh, and assumed that this is where certain furniture originated.  I went for about a 10 minute walk, saw nothing impressive, and caught the train to Nottingham.  In Nottingham, after leaving the train station, I wandered Southwest, until I found the lovely canal that I walked along.  Given the time of year, (October 20th), the yellow leaves made my morning walk quite enjoyable.  In fact, I thought to myself that my trip to Nottingham was worth it just for that walk.  Here are some pictures to show you how pleasant it was.




Ny'aww!  So lovely!  I saw the castle across the water, and eventually crossed a bridge that enabled me to approach the castle.  This area was nice; I could see someone comfortably living here.  At this point in time, I would like to mention that I sneaked into Nottingham Castle using secret passage ways.  Yes.  Seriously.  The actual story is a little less impressive, but I will let you bask in the amazingness of that phrase.

Now, at the castle base, my geologist-student self squee'd with joy at these caves.

Dat sedimentology.

 Mmm.  Finding my way to the cave entrance took a bit of effort.  I think another tourist asked me if I knew where the entrance was, while I myself was searching.  Another person asked me if I knew how to work the parking meter.  I didn't. But they were kind enough to point me in the direction of the gate entrance.  So, I go through, and see that there is a guide giving some information to a tour group!  I eagerly join the crowd, and learn a little bit about the castle, and some surrounding museums and pubs.

It's secret, I swear!

Then the tour guide says, "Now, if anyone wants to go back through the caves, let me know, otherwise, show your ticket at the main entrance to get back into the castle,". 

I couldn't pass this up.


I shyly approach him, and say, "I would like to go back through the caves," and he agrees, taking me and a couple others into the tunnel, mistaking me as a member of his tour group.

So, we exit the tunnel, and I have successfully infiltrated Nottingham castle.  Yay!




The castle itself is not a traditional castle.  It's more of a palace-fortress.  It's built on a hill, with massive walling around it, but the building itself more resembles a museum.  In fact, it currently is a museum!  I took some pictures of old clothes before being told not to do that.  To be fair, I did not see any signs anywhere telling me that photography was not allowed.

Aside from the pretty period clothing, I don't have anything particularly interesting that stand out about the palace.  I remember reading about the history of Nottingham up to present date.  The exterior gardens were quite lovely.  

Castle Exterior

Walkway up from entrance

Some tunnels in the gardens

The gazebo eats your entire party.  Start again.


Upon exiting the castle grounds, I went through the giftshop, where I felt bad for not paying the entrance fee.  To make up for it, (sort of), I bought an expensive card at the gift store, which I then wrote a lovey-dovely message in, and mailed to Donald upon returning to Leeds.  The card, today, is sitting on his dining table.

I walked away from the castle, and then came upon the city center.  I had a quick lunch at a cafe, and then proceeded to meander around.  That's when I came to a discreet pub, which had a bold claim on its ad board.  "Best hot chocolate in England," or something to that effect.  Intrigued, I felt this needed investigating, so I entered.  I was quite impressed by the atmosphere of this pub.  I was spacious, yet cozy, and had a classic feel.  This is notable, because of how unremarkable it looked from the outside.  I approach the bartender, and ask what makes their hot chocolate the best in England.  He looked a little flustered, and explained that, "maybe that's a bit of an exaggeration," but that it did have maltesers in it.  Intrigued, I ordered a large, remembering how the hot chocolate from Scarborough ended too quickly.  I'm told to pick a seat, and that my drink will be delivered to me.  I choose a cozy spot in the corner, and pull out the Lord of the Rings novel I had in my pack, (which I had been borrowing from the Leeds Uni library.  When, my hot chocolate arrives, I'm at a loss for words.




It... It's beautiful.  And it was delicious.  No regrets.  I'm very happy I went for the large size.


St. Barnabas Catholic Church
Upon exiting the pub, quite satiated, I proceed to wander around the city.  This is where I may have pulled the "Matthew Tour," as I ended up leaving the city center, and went through some suburbs.  According to some directions, I was looking for a church that looked nice.  I found it, and was quite impressed.  I remember vaguely that there were paintings of six winged angels that caught my eye, as those have some personal significance to me.   I donated 50p, and lit a candle for Rita here.  I sat for awhile, and enjoyed the quiet atmosphere.  I'd been making it a habit to light candles for Rita in each church I visit.

After my visit to the church, I wandered uphill a little more, where I found a bead store!  Yay!  Unfortunately, it was mostly crappy, plastic beads.  The gems they had behind the counter.  What appeared to be malachite caught my eye, and I asked to see them.  As the lady brought the beads forward, I could then immediately tell they weren't malachite, because they were shiny.  I was very confused; I had never seen a stone like this before.  Finally, I figure out that they were tiger's eye that had been dyed green.  I was a little disappointed that they weren't labeled, and the lady had no idea what most of the stones were.  Suffice to say, I didn't buy them, despite them being pretty.

I wandered around the suburbs a bit, before eventually deciding to return to the city center, to be closer to the train station.  I walked past some nice houses, with some nice stained glass windows.  I also passed by a bank with a funny sign.  On return to the city, I decide that it would be fun to try to find the Sherwood forest.  That was a dumb idea, because Google Maps later revealed that it was far to the North, well beyond walking distance.  This hunt lead me to the less-than-nice areas of Nottingham.

Nothing eventful, here, until I finally get a bit closer to the railway, and see something off in the distance that I would like to get a picture of.  Some smoke stack and some factory buildings, I think.  I walk through a grassy field to get a better picture, and the later find out that I had trespassed on BBC Nottingham.  Whoops. 

What happened, was that after crossing the grassy field to take the shot, I look to my right, and see a short cut to the main road.  One thing that you should know about me, is that I hate backtracking.  I consider it to be boring, and often a waste of time when you could use another route.  While exciting, this does lead to the "Windsor Problem" if you remember that.  Roads in England seldom go straight, or connect in a grid-like manner.  Anywho, that isn't the problem this time, as I do see the main road.  So, I follow this lane that goes through some buildings.  Eventually, (right in front of the main road) I get to a fence with a locked gate!  How frustrating!  Clearly this gate is to prevent people from entering this facility, but I am trying to exit!  So, naturally, I hope over the fence.  I look at the sign which was only readable from the outside, and said something along the lines of, "DO NOT TRESPASS,".  So, really, I think this whole fence is silly, because I accessed the grounds purely by accident via the other side.  There were no warnings or fences the way I came; only a little lane through some buildings.  I didn't even realize it was BBC until I saw this sign a little further on, once I was on the "proper" side of the fence.

So, I head back to find the train station.  I have a little time to kill, so I find a wireless hotspot by a Gregg's bakery.  Thank you Gregg's, for always having Service at _TheCloud.  You made my trip much more communicable.  I realize that this was the area of Nottigham I should have visited immediately after my hotchocolate break.  This was the more active city center, with classic pedestrian roads, instead of the wandering through the suburbs earlier.  Some man sits next to me and starts talking to me about Christianity or something.  I don't really remember the conversation too well, as I was mostly concentrated on checking Facebook with my Wifi, but he seemed like a nice fellow.  I told him that I visited St. Barnabas, and he recommended another church to visit as well.  I didn't, because I had to catch the train to get home.

Home to Leeds. 






Saturday, November 17, 2012

Scarborough

Scarborough.  I love this city.  Perhaps it was the longing for the ocean that brought me here, but likely it was because I wanted to pick some city that I could get to from Leeds within 2.5 hours.  Knowing nothing about this city, other than it was on the ocean, I journeyed forth tabula rasa. 

Similar to my train trip to Edinburgh, I fell asleep, then woke up, shocked and excited to see the coast.  Upon leaving the train station, I took a quick look around, having no idea where I was, or where I wanted to get to.  I had the coast in mind, but I didn't know how to get there.  What do I do when I'm in a new city, and need to get my bearings?

I climb a hill.

This seems to be a new theme with me, (I also did this while exploring Leeds).  I find that one of the best ways to conjure a mental map of a city is to find the largest hill and to climb it.  I see a large monument at the top, which catches my eye, and promptly decide, "I'm going to get up there,".


I take some pictures along the way to the base, and promptly find it more difficult to navigate up slope than it should.  Once or twice a lady commented to me that I was in a private residential area, and that I would need to completely backtrack to find the right road, (I don't regret this, because I made friends with an adorable kitty). Eventually, I do find the proper road, and then see a trail going up beside it.  I hike up the trail, cutting some time off my trip, and continue along the spiraling road again.  I find an overpass above the road, cross it, and promptly step up a very steep incline.  Almost at the top.
Your cuteness depleted my camera battery.

I follow the road some more until I gleefully see the monument that was my goal.  It is a war memorial.  I walk towards the short stone wall before the cliff, and marvel at the view.  I'm pretty happy.  It is an absolutely lovely sight, I see the oceans crashing into the harbour, and far off I see Scarborough castle sitting proudly on its peninsula.  I go to take a picture, and promptly discover that my camera is out of battery.  It turns on, but then shuts off when I go to take a photo.  This is very saddening.  I realize that it is probably because I didn't charge it before leaving, and that I took too many pictures of this cat.


I try, and I try to take a picture before the camera automatically shuts off.  I send out a request to two deities, asking "I need this.  Please, just one photo!"

My wish was granted.




Thank you very much.

All subsequent photos in this post were taken by my phone.

There's a little stone map near me, showing the layout of the city.  I decide to set a goal for the ancient Roman wall that was build on the other side of the castle.  I ask some of the people around what the best way to get down is.  They look at me confused, and surprised that I walked up here.  I ask at the restaurant, and the waitress informs me to just follow the road down, so I do this, without taking any short cuts this time.  I wanted to admire the view for longer.  I make my way through the city, closer to the coast this time than before.  I'm slightly disappointed that a lot of the shops are closed, (it was Sunday), and continue along.

Holy yumness.
I find what would be the City Centre, and enjoy the little shops that are open.  I found a Thornton's café, which delights me, as I had previously only seen its chocolate shop-only franchises.  Imagine finding a Purdy's Chocolate Café.  I look at their menu, and promptly see what I need, the Thornton's Hot Chocolate Supreme.  This beast, if I remember correctly, was made by taking a glass, riddling it with chocolate syrup, adding a scoop of chocolate ice cream, adding marshmallows, pouring hot chocolate over top, loading up with whipped cream, and generously sprinkling chocolate flake.  And it was served with a complimentary chocolate on the side.  Happy.  This is where my quest to find the ultimate hot chocolate began.  The quest continued in Nottingham, and then again in Belgium. 

I should have bought a large.


Where you aware that earlier this year I spent
two weeks living and working aboard a tallship?


I continued a long, a little surprised by all the fish and chips shops I passed.  I'm not kidding when I say I passed three on one block.  I then come to a Maritime Museum!  It isn't very big, just one small room, but I excitedly enter to fawn over the tall ship models.  I chat briefly with the nice lady working there, and then depart for the waterfront.

I'm sad to say that the tourism down by the waterfront puts a damper on the city.  Where we have beautiful, raging ocean waves crashing into rocky shores, and both proud and humble sailing vessels lined up after the day's catch, we then see a bunch of casinos, carousels and greasy fish and chips places.  The water front of Scarborough has been turned into a carnival, and that is kind of sad.  Aside from that, the fishing village has a very distinctive charm.




After making my way through this area, I found the trail and steps that lead up to the castle!  I hike up, and was quite impressed by the fortifications set up around this castle.  I was thoroughly disappointed to find out that it was closed for the day, and may consider returning for it.


This Panorama was edited by DesignNomad on Reddit




After admiring the castle, I followed a path down, and visited the ruins and reconstruction of St. Mary's Chapel.  The ruins dated back to 1000 CE.



I continued past, and took a right turn towards the ocean, (then realizing that the castle was on a stubby penninsula, I was a little disoriented to have the ocean both behind and ahead of me).  What I saw and heard shocked me.  Before me was the raw power of the ocean tides crashing into the shore.  We don't experience this the same way in Vancouver, because we have Vancouver Island protecting us from the rough force of the sea.  The nearest opposing land body across from Scarborough is Denmark or Germany.  I stood there, watching the waves from above in awe.  The ocean roared.  I saw someone walking along the ocean boulevard and get smoked by a crashing wave spay.  I laughed. Schadenfreude. 

I took this panorama of the bay, but the still frame doesn't do the dynamic spectacle justice.



And thus concludes my trip to Scarborough.

Wednesday, November 14, 2012

York



It's been quite a long time since I've updated.  I would try to say the reason is because I've been busy going out and doing things, or doing homework and school stuff, but, really, it's because my mom figured out how to use Skype and Facebook, so I haven't felt the need to keep her updated via blog.

So, York!

York is very close to Leeds.  The train trip took about one hour going there, and less coming back, depending on how many stops the train made.

The first main features I noticed upon leaving the train station, where this giant ferris wheel and the imposing York Wall.  I found myself missing the London Eye, and London in general, looking at the ferris wheel.

York Wall
Naturally, I climbed up onto the York wall, and began to venture in the direction I hoped would lead me to the city center.  I was not disappointed.  The wall itself was quite a fun walk.  The path is narrow, and there are only railings in the particularly elevated areas.  It makes sense to me, after all, you'd only be defending against invaders from one side of the wall. 

I soon came to the end, where there was a bridge that needed crossing.  There were some interesting buildings around the bridge, one was a cafe, possibly a repurposed toll station, and I'm not sure what the other is.




Below in the images are the bridge and the cafe.

Café
Bridge











   
 After crossing the bridge, I wandered through a park and found a museum.  I didn`t enter the museum, because of the admission fees (if I remember correctly), but did very much enjoy the park, and these very large ruins nearby



A lovely day for a walk in the park!



Check out the people for scale!  I think this may be the remains of a cathedral?


Upon leaving, I heard the sounds of bells, and remembered that the York cathedral was a recommended sight to see.  Following a few signs, I made my way towards the ringing.  Nearby, I stopped to take a picture of the much more humble looking Catholic church

How cute!


Before reaching this giant, imposing monster.






I've been around England, and I've seen some pretty massive cathedrals and abbeys (notably St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey in London), but this still caught me off guard.  Once again, they changed a generous entry fee, so I didn't see much of the interior.  A lady remarked to me outside that it used to be free admission for everyone.  Oh well.


The blurriness of this photo saddens me,
but the brightness of the coats enlightens me




My money was latter spent buying fudge from these friendly gentlemen.  It was rather fantastic.  I choose a slab of the chocolate orange fudge, and was delighted by the happiness and smiles and rainbows that emanated from the dapperly dressed staff.





I'm noticing that I'm bombarding you, the reader with photos.  I hope you're OKAY with that.




Happy belated Bonfire Night, by the way.
I came across this on an inn in York.  

"Remember, remember 
The Fifth of November
Gunpowder, treason and plot.
I see no reason, why gunpowder treason
Should ever be forgot."

Bonfire Night is a big celebration in England, and outdoes Halloween for firework displays.



The Shambles - Note the narrowness of the path
and the overhang of the buildin
I found The Shambles, which is one of the oldest streets in England.  According to the street's official website, the Shambles is, "mentioned in the Domesday book (making it date over 900 years)..." I didn't even know this when I was there; I thought the Shambles were likely 500 years old, not nearly 1000!

On this street, I treated myself to discount icecream, and bought presents for my mom and for Aunt Kathy.  
Mum says that she has safely received their 
York Lucky Cats in the mail.

I determined that Donald likely wouldn't fully appreciate a Lucky Cat, which was an excellent decision, because I found something more appropriate, yet very similar, for him the next day in Scarborough. 




I then found a Viking Museum, and definitely determined that to be cool enough to pay admission to visit.  I was not disappointed. 

Fun facts I learned about Vikings:
- Vikings invaded and inhabited York (Jorvik!) 1000 years ago
- Hair combs at the time were made out of bone/antler, and costed around £400
- People who couldn't afford combs washed their hair in horse urine to kill bugs, and keep it blonde and soft
- People drank more beer than water, because waste polluted the wells.  Beer was distilled, and therefore safer to drink
- People ate oysters as cheap snacks
- I'm pretty sure I saw a human coprolite, which I later saw featured on QI

The more you know!

So, this concludes my day in York, early October.  Let me know if you've read this, and I can determine whether I should write about Scarborough and Belgium.  Ta ta~